Membership in Turner societies peaked at 42,000 in 1893. After the Civil War, gymnastics increasingly became the focus of Turner activities, as evidenced by annual local, regional, and national athleticĬompetitions, or Turnfests. Their anti–slavery views prompted many Turners to support the new Republican Party, and Turners fought in the Civil War, By the late 1850s, Turner organizations could beįound across the country. 2 After it failed, many so-called Forty Eighters fled to the United States. The harsh Carlsbad Decrees enacted in 1819Īimed partly at repressing the Turner movement. Authorities in the German Confederation considered such liberal nationalism a threat to the existing conservative order, however. Jahn’s goal was to train young men physically but also instill in them a strong sense of patriotism and aĬommitment not only to liberty and equality but also to a unified, Napoleon’s defeat and occupation of Prussia. The Turner movement began in 1811, when Prussian educator Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) constructed an outdoor gymnasium in Berlin in response to New York: New York Turn Verein, 1882–1976. Stechert, 1915), n.p.Ĥ“Book Exchange: Display Ad 41-no Title.” New York Times, November 16, 1913.ĥ Eine Musterbibliothek: Ausgestellt auf der Panama-Pacific Internationalen Ausstellung in San Francisco (New York:īahn frei! Organ des New York Turn Vereins. T., comp., “Zum Geleite,” introduction to Aus ruhmreicher Zeit: deutsch–amerikanische Dichtungen aus demĮrsten Jahre des Weltkrieges (New York: F. Traum und Irrlicht: Skizzen und Gedichte (Strassburg: J. The catalog’s inclusion at the Exposition suggests that, well into the second year of the war, the notion of a model German–language library had not yet been extinguished by growing anti-GermanġSucha–Ripa, I. (None of the poets represented in Aus ruhmreicher Zeit are listed, although Hans Heinz Ewers, whose Deutsche Kriegslieder is found in this archive, is listed with a volume of his short stories, Children’s literature, art history, popular sciences, and instruction books for a wide range of languages also appear in this 32–page catalog. More contemporary German writers, including Arthur Schnitzler and Clara Viebig. 5 The booklet lists classics by German authors such as Fontane, Heine, Körner, and Freytag. Stechert exhibited a brochure, Eine Musterbibliothek,Īt the Panama–Pacific International Exposition held in San Francisco from February 20 to December 4, 1915. Stechert handled “Domestic and foreign books and magazines new or second–hand.” 4 Derogatory racial slurs appear in poems about the British and Russian EmpiresĪ newspaper advertisement from 1913 indicates the book dealer F. A few poemsĬomment on developments in the first months of the war, most often in general terms. The emperors of Germany (Wilhelm II) and Austria (Franz Joseph) likewise receive mention in several poems, and symbols such as the heraldic eagle are employed to convey loyalty to the German Empire. In a similar patriotic vein, multiple poems express reverence for Otto von Bismarck, crediting him with unifying Or set their poems to melodies from patriotic folksongs popular during the Wars of Liberation and the Franco-Prussian War. Many poets borrow elements from nineteenth–century poems written by Max Schneckenburger and August Heinrich Writers, some of whom published other works of literature or in one case a book on German–American history. The poems in this anthology are in German, with only two exceptions: “Germany and America” and “To the Americans,” the German version of which is also in theĬollection (“Den Amerikanern”). Germans poets in America were offering this volume as evidence that they, too, would be fighting a war, one against perfidy, lies, hypocrisy, betrayal, and madness. Thousands besieged the German consulates, answering the call to serve the “threatened fatherland” that “protects and safeguards our loved ones.” 2 Unable to fight, bleed, and die with their fellow Germans, these Sanders begins by describing the reaction of German reservists in the United States to news that Germany was at war: thousands upon Indeed, the preface underscores the transatlantic intent of this poetry collection. 1 Aus ruhmreicher Zeit presents nearly 80 poems, all conveying patriotism for Germany with little if any suggestion, in 1915, of tension between the German–American poets’ unwaveringĪllegiance to Germany and their lives in the United States. Sanders (1887– ) published Traum und Irrlicht: Skizzen und Gedichte In addition to compiling and self-publishing the poems in Aus ruhmreicher Zeit, Irving T. Aus ruhmreicher Zeit: Deutsch-amerikanische Dichtungen aus dem ersten Jahre des Weltkrieges.
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